Essential Language for Reaching the Common Core:
Over the last few weeks, we have talked at length about a number of ways to increase your students’ vocabulary so that they are able to access increasingly more complex text and grow as readers and intellectual beings. In fact, with the arrival of the Common Core State Standards, we’ve all become more mindful of the complexity of texts we present to our students and the tasks they are given to process what they’ve read with increasing depth and challenge. In order to begin accessing increasingly complex texts, we know that one thing students need to acquire is a growing bank of words at their disposal in order to make meaning. However, in order for students to begin to successfully tackle more rigorous tasks, there is another critical need. It is absolutely vital that students understand what a performance task, practice application, or assessment is asking for them to do with the same level of fluency and automaticity that we expect from them when reading any text or passage. The Common Core State Standards offer us two categories of words that students must master – nouns and verbs. The nouns of the standards detail the key concepts and ideas that are essential take aways in Literacy, Math, and NGSS. Without access to these words, students will struggle to make meaning of and from the standards with rigor or precision. The verbs of the standards outline the thinking and mental tasks for which students must be prepared to engage. It is one thing to give students the opportunity to critique a peer’s argument, and to revise their argument based on that feedback (depth of knowledge 4). It is another reality for that student to expertly know what it means to offer a peer that critique. There are a number of strategies that you can leverage in order to teach these words such as: gradual release with modeling, visual representations, total physical response, four square, concept mapping, categorizing, creating student glossaries/dictionaries, gradients, word play, and more. Additionally, it is critical to know what these high leverage words are. While the nouns vary between the different subject areas and grades, the following list of verbs will be an incredibly helpful starting point in teaching your students words that will help them to think with the depth necessary to successfully complete tasks and master the standards. Analyze Articulate Cite Compare Comprehend Contrast Delineate Demonstrate Describe Determine Develop Distinguish Draw Evaluate Explain Identify Infer Integrate Interpret Locate Organize Paraphrase Refer Retell Suggest Summarize Support Synthesize Trace If there are additional ways that you help your students to access the language of the Common Core State Standards, please comment below. Or you can email us at tajulearning@gmail.com.
Vocabulary Instruction: Part 2/6 Word Play for Teachers of English Learners and Struggling Students
In part 1 of this series we talked about word consciousness being whether students grasped that words are the currency of the English language and whether they “bought into” reason why words are essential. We offered a number of strategies to achieve this: from having a word-rich environment, time for metacognition, student choice, and student ownership. While these elements are critical, none is more critical than the general affect students have towards word learning. What does this mean? Affect is the general feeling and emotions that students have toward vocabulary instruction and word learning. The reality is that we now understand that vocabulary instruction must be more an act of metacognition than anything else. However, to get students to think about what they know, how they know it, and to extend that knowledge to other examples, students have to “feel like it”, or have the desire and the positive affect towards the activity and the level of thinking required to complete it. In the Danielson Framework for teaching, she talks about this as the culture for learning – “the classroom culture is a cognitively busy place characterized by a shared belief in the importance of learning…” Vocabulary instruction, arguably, must leverage this culture for learning piece more than ever. Yet, vocabulary instruction has not traditionally been an activity that lead teachers or students to jump for joy. There seems to be an unspoken sentencing and submission to word work and vocabulary development being boring. And everyone seems to be at a loss to change this course thinking. So what will it take to create a fun, “cognitively busy place” where kids have “bought into” the significance of words and their identities as readers of words? One place to start is games. We all love to play games, and some games seem to bring a sense of nostalgia, ease, joy, and willingness to all who partake. By tweaking the nature of a number of classics and adding simple questions like: “how do you know”, “what’s another example that shows the same pattern”, “what is a right time and a wrong time to use this word”, etc., you can create a fun and metacognitively busy place where students are begging to have to time to play with words. So what are some games that lend themselves to targeted vocabulary and positive affect and culture? Word pattern tic tac toe Synonym or antonym dominoes Vocabu-nopoly (vocabulary monopoly) Hang-man Pictionary Charades Scrabble Word hunts (not word searches) Go fish with definitions or synonyms Word pattern or word meaning Bingo If you are looking for more ideas on word work games, or you’d like to see how these games might help your classroom, take a look at our 30 Ready-Made Games for Vocabulary Development (in English and Spanish) in the product section of our website. Author: Alexandra Guilamo TaJu Educational Solutions Provider
Vocabulary Instruction: Part 1 – Building Word Consciousness for ELs and Struggling Students
“Word consciousness – and especially understanding the power of word choice – is essential for sustained vocabulary growth. Words are the currency of written language. Learning new words is an investment, and students will make the required investment to the extent that they believe that the investment is worthwhile.” Judith Scott and William Nagy. Because of the fact that words are the “currency” of the written language, word consciousness, although a relatively new concept, is critical to its successful application. Word consciousness involves two critical components. The first is an appreciation of the currency. Do students value new and vivid words, do they notice and appreciate descriptive language, do they stop and think about word choice in texts they read and in their own writing, etc? The second aspect of word consciousness is the idea that this awareness of and interest in words will lead students to the ability to know a word to the extent that they will have the desire to play with its meaning and apply it flexibly and accurately. It means that they will be invested enough to know a word truly in order to apply that knowledge anywhere at any time. This is an immense task. But at the center of this challenge is the question of whether or not students even know “why words are important”. It is not enough for the adults who teach them to merely tell students about the power of this currency. Rather, students must appreciate the importance of words and their use for themselves. They must first have a sense of gratefulness for the way words can make a person feel and the things words can do beyond the page before they can be asked to invest so fully in the tasks of awareness and investment in this currency. So what are some quick ways that can teachers build word consciousness in their classrooms? • Let students lead and own how they define the importance of words and their use. • Be interested in words yourself. Research has shown that when adults notice new words and get excited, that pattern of excitement is continued by the students who see this model. • Have a word-rich classroom where students’ exposure to vocabulary. Students should be surrounded by words and books and motivated to learn the words within them. • A safe environment where students feel comfortable trying out new words and talking about that choice is critical. • Students become more engage with words when they have the opportunity to play games, puzzles, and take part in activities that allow them word choice. • Give students choice. Self-direction is a powerful motivator for many activities, but even more so for the development of affect towards new words. • Students must have intentionally planned time to engage in metacognitive discussions about word meaning interpretations, word parts, and other conceptual knowledge that will help them transfer the words to different contexts. • Gradient activities allow students to see and play with relationships of “degree” between similar words with connotations such as angry and livid while leveraging nonlinguistic representations.